How battery energy storage impacts grid congestion: An evaluation of the trade-offs between different battery control strategies

To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, countries around the world are pursuing electrification policies. In residential areas, electrification will increase electricity supply and demand, which is expected to increase grid congestion at a faster rate than grids can be reinforced. Battery energy storage (BES) has the potential to reduce grid congestion and defer grid reinforcement, thus supporting the energy transition. But, BES could equally exacerbate grid congestion. This leads to the question: What are the trade-offs between different battery control strategies, considering battery performance and battery grid impacts? This paper addresses this question using the battery energy storage evaluation method (BESEM), which interlinks a BES model with an electricity grid model to simulate the interactions between these two systems. In this paper, the BESEM is applied to a case study, wherein the relative effects of different BES control strategies are compared. The results from this case study indicate that batteries can reduce grid congestion if they are passively controlled (i.e., constraining battery power) or actively controlled (i.e., overriding normal battery operations). Using batteries to reduce congestion was found to reduce the primary benefits provided by the batteries to the battery owners, but could increase secondary benefits. Further, passive battery controls were found to be nearly as effective as active battery controls at reducing grid congestion in certain situations. These findings indicate that the trade-offs between different battery control strategies are not always obvious, and should be evaluated using a method like the BESEM.